• 1 Important disclaimer about this construction manual
• 2 1.0 Scope of manual
• 3 2.0 On-site handling
  • 3.1 2.1 Slings
  • 3.2 2.2 Roof trusses exposure and storage
• 4 3.0 Tools & equipment
• 5 4.0 Points for construction
• 6 5.0 Truss identification
• 7 6.0 Truss Assembly
  • 7.1 6.1 ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System marking and branding
  • 7.2 6.2 Chord to chord connection identification
  • 7.3 6.3 Fasteners
  • 7.4 6.4 ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System assembly
  • 7.5 6.5 ENDUROTRUSS® splicing
    • 7.5.1 6.5.1 Splicing of Boxed Chords
    • 7.5.2 6.5.2 Splicing Boxed Chords
  • 7.6 6.6 ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System stiffening and re-inforcement
    • 7.6.1 6.6.1 Web stiffening
    • 7.6.2 6.6.2 Apex stiffening
    • 7.6.3 6.6.3 Heel Stiffening
    • 7.6.4 6.6.4 Knee Stiffening
    • 7.6.5 6.6.5 Web Stiffening
    • 7.6.6 6.6.6 Chord Boxing
    • 7.6.7 6.6.7 Web Boxing
    • 7.6.8 6.6.8 Web Supports
    • 7.6.9 6.6.9 Elbow Stiffening
  • 7.7 6.7 Boxed Eaves
  • 7.8 6.8 Pre-attaching ENDUROGRIP tiedown brackets to truss bottom chords
• 8 7.0 Roof construction
  • 8.1 7.1 General and design
    • 8.1.1 7.1.1 Prior to construction
    • 8.1.2 7.1.2 Trusses above Internal load bearing walls
    • 8.1.3 7.1.3 Fasteners
  • 8.2 7.2 Roof truss set-out
  • 8.3 7.3 Gable End Construction
    • 8.3.1 7.3.1 Flush Gable
      • 8.3.1.1 7.3.1.1 Supporting flush gables with gable end trusses
      • 8.3.1.2 7.3.1.1 Supporting flush gables with raking walls
    • 8.3.2 7.3.2 Outriggers
      • 8.3.2.1 7.3.2.2 Installing outriggers
    • 8.3.3 7.3.3 Gable ladders
      • 8.3.3.1 7.3.3.1 Assembling gable ladders
      • 8.3.3.2 7.3.3.2 Installing gable ladders
  • 8.4 7.4 Hip End Construction
    • 8.4.1 7.4.1 Type 1 Hip construction
    • 8.4.2 7.4.2 Connecting Common Rafters in Type 1 Hip End
    • 8.4.3 7.4.3 Type 1A Hip construction
    • 8.4.4 7.4.4 Type 2 Hip Construction
    • 8.4.5 7.4.5 Type 3 Hip Construction
    • 8.4.6 7.4.6 Hip Rafter Construction
      • 8.4.6.1 7.4.6.1 Boxed Hip Rafters 
      • 8.4.6.2 7.4.6.2 Veed Hip Rafters
      • 8.4.6.3 7.4.6.3 Hip Truss
      • 8.4.6.4 7.4.6.3 Centred Boxed Hip
    • 8.4.7 7.4.7 Common Rafters on Dutch Gables
    • 8.4.8 7.4.8 Crown Rafters
    • 8.4.9 7.4.9 Creeper Rafters
  • 8.5 7.5 Dutch gable construction
  • 8.6 7.6 Valley end construction
    • 8.6.1 7.6.1 Girder-bridge truss connection
    • 8.6.2 7.6.2 Assembling Bridge Trusses
    • 8.6.3 7.6.3 Installing Bridge Trusses onto Girder Trusses
    • 8.6.4 7.6.4 Saddle truss construction
    • 8.6.5 7.6.5 Valley Installation
    • 8.6.6 7.6.6 Valley - Extend to Next Truss
    • 8.6.7 7.6.7 Radial Roof
  • 8.7 7.7 Common roof block construction
  • 8.8 7.8 Truss and Rafter Tie Down Connections
    • 8.8.1 7.8.1 Boxed Tie Downs
  • 8.9 7.9 Truss restraints
  • 8.10 7.10 Roof bracing
    • 8.10.1 7.10.1 Temporary bracing
    • 8.10.2 7.10.2 Cross Bracing
      • 8.10.2.1 7.10.2.1 Fixings
      • 8.10.2.2 7.10.2.2 Bracing Layout
      • 8.10.2.3 7.10.2.3 Gable roof bracing layout
      • 8.10.2.4 7.10.2.4 Hip Roof
      • 8.10.2.5 7.10.2.5 Dual Pitched Roof
      • 8.10.2.6 7.10.2.6 Bell Roof
    • 8.10.3 7.10.3 Bottom chord bracing
    • 8.10.4 7.10.4 Bracing Trusses with Raking or Coffered Ceilings
    • 8.10.5 7.10.5 Web bracing
  • 8.11 7.11 Battens
    • 8.11.1 7.11.1 Ceiling battens and plasterboard angles
    • 8.11.2 7.11.3 Roof battens and spacings
  • 8.12 7.12 Fasteners
  • 8.13 7.13 Components
• 9 8.0 Definitions of terms
• 10 9.0 References

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General notes to be read before you use this manual:

1. This Manual has been prepared for a range of roof framing designs using ENDUROTRUSS® building components manufactured or supplied by BlueScope Steel, its licensed manufacturers or dealers.

2. The ENDUROFRAME® Building System has been designed as a complete framing system.

3. All erection and connection details must be made in accordance with the relevant standard connection drawing details contained in either:

   • this manual or its supplements

   • drawings output from the ENDUROCADD® software.

4. Before commencement of any fabrication or construction develop a safety management plan to cover key risks. Key risks include, but are not limited to:

   1. Working at heights

   2. Electrical safety

   3. Cuts and scratches

5. Consider and install the appropriate level of safety equipment to manage identified risks. Safety equipment that may be required includes:

   1. Personal protective equipment including safety glasses, gloves, hearing protection (when using power tools) and sunscreen;

   2. Appropriate fall protection equipment including guard rails, scaffolds, ladders, elevated platforms, safety mesh, and fall restraint harnesses

6. A temporary earth should be established during the construction of steel frames and, upon completion, the steel house frames must be permanently earthed in accordance with the requirements of local electricity authorities.

7. You should check with your local workplace health and safety authority to see what safety measures you need to put in place prior to and during construction. It is the responsibility of the installer/erector to ensure all local safe work practices are adhered to and the safety of the whole site is maintained at all times.

8. For wiring in steel wall frames, nylon grommets shall be installed to run electrical cables through.

9. Where insufficient detail is included in this manual for your project, seek specialist advice.

10. Before you commence construction:

    1. You should check with your local government authority to see if any form of prior permission or approval is required;

    2. If you want to build or construct any attached structure, you should seek advice from a suitably qualified engineer to verify the capacity of your existing structure to withstand any additional load arising from the attached structure. You should also check with your local government authority to determine any specific requirements for the attachment to existing structures;

    3. You should check with your local workplace health and safety authority to see what safety measures you need to put in place prior to and during construction. It is the responsibility of the installer/erector to ensure all local safe work practices are adhered to and the safety of the whole site is maintained at all times.

    4. Contact info@enduroframe.com.au.

11. Refer to http://www.truecore.com.au for locations where the ENDUROFRAME® Building System can be warranted.

12. Read the Important disclaimer below.

1.0 Scope of manual

This manual has been prepared for the construction of a trussed roof within the following parameters:

• Only ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System components made from TRUECORE® steel and made with the ENDURO® rollformer can be used

• Erection details cover construction for cyclonic and non-cyclonic buildings. (See Table below.)

• Other spacings may require additional engineering

• Trusses suitable for both sheet roof cladding and tiled construction.

This installation manual covers the installation according to the following wind classifications, roof types and truss spans.

Table 1 - Wind categories covered by this installation manual

Y = yes N = no

ENDUROTRUSS® Product performance

The ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System has been designed in accordance with relevant Australian Standards and the requirements of the Building Code of Australia 2013.

The roof framing system will perform as specified by the ENDUROCADD® 2020 software output documentation if installed in accordance with the recommendations and details set down in this manual and related references.

This manual contains vital information. PLEASE READ IT CAREFULLY.

For more information and technical support, contact: info@enduroframe.com.au

Maximum Design Gust Wind Speed (Vh) at Height (h)

Taken from AS4055-2012 Page 5 Table 2

The ultimate roof framing solution
The ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System is your opportunity to gain the competitive edge in roof construction - with added peace of mind.
It is a hassle-free and competitive system delivering a superb job without the need for specialist 'steel skilled' site labour.

You benefit from:

• ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System parts are unique, and the design is patented to keep you ahead

• On-site you receive exactly what you need — no wastage

• Just-in-time delivery means you get what you want — when you want it — and there is less likelihood of damage on site

• The ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System uses the ENDUROCADD® roof design software package, a sophisticated design and detailing package

• The ENDUROTRUSS® system is self locating eliminating the requirement for jigs to assemble even hip rafters have pre-punched holes to self-align with truncated trusses on site

• The ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System only requires fastening on one side which greatly speeds up assembly

• Trusses can either be factory or site assembled giving flexibility in delivery and installation of trusses

• Fully engineered and certified, light-weight steel roof framing

• Parts can be linked together which assists in finding and sorting components for assembly, or pre-cut for factory assembly off the rollformer

• Roof designs for most shapes of roof and ceilings

• All parts are inkjet marked making identification simple

• Easy site assembly that requires minimum skill

• The ENDUROTRUSS® system is installed similar to timber trusses making installation by timber crews simple, using standard timber brackets available for some connections;

• Available in back to back or in-line 'flush' format to reduce the volume on a truck when assembled

• Accurate dimensions

The steel framing advantage

Steel house framing has been well established in Australia for many years. Steel house frames and ENDUROTRUSS® roofing frames are safe and stable – above all:

• They don't rot or warp

• Geometrically complex trusses can be considered due to the self-jigging nature of the trusses

• They are light and easy to erect

• They provide you with very flat roof planes

• They are pre-cambered for straight ceiling lines

• They can be site assembled by people with minimal skill

Who uses The ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System?

Any builder who wants to deliver a quality job at a competitive price.

How does the ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System work?

The heart of the ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System is the patented steel truss which is computer designed and manufactured.

The computer system does everything from designing the framing, to supplying the documentation, to controlling the manufacturing equipment.

Simply give your drawings to an ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System Trained Software User and they will do the rest. We input your design data and computer-controlled roll-formers produce the required parts.

How do you use ENDUROTRUSS®?

Apart from the drawings and certification mentioned above, you get delivered to your building site the lengths of roll-formed section required for every truss (and the screws). There are no mistakes because the parts only fit one way, and all parts have identification marks printed directly onto the steel.

Before starting installation, carefully read this installation manual. Further information on fabricating and installation of the ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System can be obtained from videos which can be found at www.enduroframe.com.au/building/assembly_and_installation_videos

Fabrication check sheets and quality control sheets that demonstrate the quality control requirements for assembling the ENDUROTRUSS® system are available from your local ENDUROTRUSS® manufacturer or by contacting info@enduroframe.com.

All installation shall be done in accordance with this manual.

Framing System market difference
Make the great leap forward

Read the contents of this Installation Manual and discover how the ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System can work for you.

The ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System only requires fastening on one side which greatly speeds up the assembly process.

When designed and manufactured correctly, the trusses are certified to comply with the structural engineering software requirements of the BCA.

2.0 On-site handling

2.1 Slings

Trusses must be fully supported in either horizontal or vertical planes when being transported. Care must be taken when tying down and lifting trusses not to put an excessive pressure on chords, webs or joints. For transporting trusses in horizontal planes where a solitary Trusstite screw is used in a chord to web connection, an additional screw may be inserted to provide additional stiffness, especially for "flush" trusses.

Most trusses for single storey work may be lifted by hand, however where cranage is required, sling trusses or truss pieces from top chord panel points as shown in Figure 2.1. Slings should be located at equal distances from truss centre lines and be approximately one-third to one-half the truss length apart.

The angle between the sling legs should be 60 degrees or less and where truss spans are greater than 9000 mm, spreader bar should be used.

Where a truss span exceeds 9000 mm, a spreader bars with attachment to web-chord should be used. Never lift trusses by the apex joint alone.

< 9m
Approximately 1/3 to 1/2 of truss lengthVertical lifting of trusses - Truss span greater than 9.0

Figure 2.1: Handling

2.2 Roof trusses exposure and storage

Where trusses are stored on site, they should be blocked above firm ground so that they do not come into contact with the soil and to protect them from ground water:

1. If the trusses are stored horizontally, as shown in Figure 2.2, the blocking should be at 2.0m to 2.5m centres or as required at joints, to prevent bending of the trusses. Avoid using copper, chemically treated timber or EPDM based materials as blocking.

2. If the trusses are stored vertically as shown in Figure 2.3, they should be supported at the designed support locations or bottom chord panel points, and in a manner that will be prevented from tipping or toppling.

3. The truss chords should be sloped such that water drains off.

Figure 2.2: Trusses stacked horizontally

Figure 2.3: Trusses stacked vertically

3.0 Tools & equipment

Required On-site Equipment

When erecting an ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System, the following tools and safety equipment may be required.

Power Tools

• screw gun

• metal cutting saw

• hand held metal cutting saw

• angle grinder

Tool Accessories

• 8mm (5/16") hexagon socket

• Magnetic nutsetter or extension bar (length up to 150mm)

• Suitable metal cutting blade

• 8mm spanner or socket

Hand Tools

• double action tin snips

• Locking sheet metal pliers

• spirit level preferably magnetic

• chalk line

• step ladder

• vice grips

• measuring tape

Essential Safety Equipment

• eye protection (safety goggles)

• hearing protection (when using power tools)

• protective gloves

• earth leakage circuit breaker for electrical goods

• all protection harness

• scaffolding, ladders, etc.

Angle grinder

Tin snips

Open

Locking sheet metal pliers

Open

Magnetic nutsetter

Magnetic Screw Guide

Measuring tape

Screw gun

Hand held metal cutting saw

4.0 Points for construction

Trusses must be installed plumb and straight
While erecting the roof, trusses must be fixed plumb and straight. After fixing, if a bow or tilt is evident, the trusses have not been installed correctly. In this case, the problem must be rectified before proceeding further.

THE TRUSSES MUST NOT BE MODIFIED ON SITE WITHOUT FIRST SEEKING ADVICE FROM A TRAINED SOFTWARE USER OR ENGINEER.

Correct direction of ENDUROTRUSS® chord profile

The direction of the channel section used for the chord should be as depicted on Truss Assembly diagrams in(see Figure 5.11.)
Trusses should be oriented as shown on the truss layout drawing provided and ensure load bearing points shown on the assembly drawings align with load bearing walls.

Material specification

ENDUROTRUSS® sections are roll-formed from TRUECORE® steel complying with AS1397:2011. The standard ENDUROTRUSS® sections are shown in Figure 4.1. In the grade shown, the number prefixed with G indicates minimum yield stress in MPa; and the number prefixed with Z or AM indicates minimum coating mass in g/m2.

0.55mm BMT, TRUECORE® G550 AM150 steel
0.75mm BMT, TRUECORE® G550 AM150 steel
1.00mm BMT, TRUECORE® G550 AM150 steel
1.20mm BMT, TRUECORE® G500 AM150 steel

S75 section and boxed S75 section

S90 section and boxed S90 section
Figure 4.1 Section types

Straightness

Trusses and rafters must be installed with an overall out of plane straightness not greater than L/500 where L is the length of the member as shown in Figure 4.2.

Differential in vertical bows between adjacent members must not exceed 1/150 of their spacing or 6mm whichever is less.

Figure 4.2 Straightness

Plumb

Out of plumb at any point along the length of the truss from top to bottom, must not exceed the minimum of h/100 or 20mm unless the trusses are specifically designed to be installed out of plumb. (See Figure 4.3 below)

Figure 4.3 Plumb

5.0 Truss identification

A summary of the description of trusses is shown in Figures 5.1 and 5.2, and a glossary of terms is indicated below.

Figure 5.1 Typical Roof truss components

Figure 5.2 Roof truss components (plan view)

Figure 5.3 Standard 'A' Truss/ Dutch Gable Truss

Standard A-Truss: An A-framed truss supported at both ends by load bearing walls. It forms the main gable roof block (Refer to Figure 5.3).

Dutch Gable Truss: A Dutch Gable truss is formed when whaling plates are fixed to the flat face of an A-truss to support common rafters.

Figure 5.4 Girder Truss

Girder Truss: A structural truss at the end of a roof block that supports incoming trusses from an adjoining block (bridge trusses). A girder truss may replace a supporting wall or beam. It can be used to support bridge trusses and may be used in lieu of an internal load bearing wall or beam (Refer to Figure 5.4). A girder truss may be either a single truss or a pair of trusses installed lip to lip.

Figure 5.5 Bridge Truss

Bridge Truss: These trusses are standard trusses or truncated trusses with the overhang removed at the heel as shown below.

Creeper Support Truss: A truss which has an angle lintel fixed to the flat face of the bottom chord. It is used to support the ends of the creeper rafters when a roof incorporates an internal hip.

Figure 5.6 Half Truss

Half Truss: A triangular shaped truss with the end web fixed vertically and at 90 degrees to the bottom chord. It is commonly used to form verandah roofs on the lower floor of two storey homes (Refer to Figure 5.6).

Figure 5.7 Truncated Truss/Hip Girder Truss

Truncated Truss: A truss of varying depth with a horizontal top chord. Truncated trusses are usually used to form a hip end (Refer to Figure 5.7).

First Station Truncated Truss: The first truncated truss in from hip end wall.

Second Station Truncated Truss: The second truncated truss from hip end wall.

Figure 5.8 Saddle Truss

Saddle Truss: A-truss with the top chords cut at the heel to form a foot cut. It is used to form a valley line when two roof planes intersect. Saddle trusses are supported by trusses or rafters below (Refer to Figure 5.8).

Truncated Saddle Truss: A saddle truss with a horizontal top chord used to form a valley line when two roof planes intersect with a hip end close to the valley. It supports hip end rafters.

Figure 5.9 Cut-off truss

Cut off truss: A standard truss with a cut to one or both ends.

Figure 5.10 Peak truss

Peak truss: A truss that helps to create four or more roof faces. The Peak truss may support one or more hip and valley lines.

Figure 5.14: A typical truss assembly sheet as produced by ENDUROCADD® SOFTWARE.

6.0 Truss Assembly

6.1 ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System marking and branding

All ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System parts are coded with information to assist erectors in the assembly process. This matches the part information shown on the assembly drawings.

All ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System parts are coded with the following on both the web and the flange of each section:

• Job Name/Number

• Truss Number

• Part Number

• Part Length

• Part Usage. 

They also contain the rollformer number and date of manufacturing for traceability purposes. Inkjet marks are truncated on shorter parts so some information may not be visible on shorter parts.

With this information, erectors can identify what the part is and where it is intended to be used in the structure. The illustration below shows how the coding works. The sections are marked when produced in accordance with Section 6.1 of this manual.

Figure 6.1 Marking and branding

So the above example illustrates that this member is for Job Number 1, it is part of truss number 7 (as numbered by the software in the construction drawings), it is part number 1 and is 7500mm in length.

6.2 Chord to chord connection identification

Connections are identified on the truss assembly sheet by a connection code. The connection detail is displayed on an ENDUROCADD® software generated connection sheet showing all the connections used in the specific job. The chord to chord connection code is displayed next to the connection on the assembly sheet. (Refer to Figure 6.2.)

Figure 6.2 Connection identification

The connection code is explained using the above example

Example SC-HEEL-A-75A-75-10-6

Field 1 The truss system- in this case ENDUROTRUSS® C profile
Field 2 The connection type - Options:
APEX, KNEE, HEEL, ELBOW and CHORD POINT
Field 3 The Connection- Type A is a heel for a tiled and sheet roof
Field 4 The depth of the channel section
Field 5 The gauge of the channel - 10 is 1.0 BMT and 75 is 0.75 BMT
Field 6 The number of fasteners used in the connection. Includes any locating truss screw, reinforcing screws or stiffener connection fasteners.

6.3 Fasteners

Truss members are joined together with two types of fasteners.

A locating Trusstite truss screw which is a hex-head fasteners with a trilobular thread for fixing through pre-punched holes and a #12-14x20 hex-head self drilling reinforcing fasteners. Fasteners should always be supplied by the manufacturer of the trusses and be in accordance with the specifications described in the ENDUROFRAME® Design Manual for mechanical and coating properties. All fasteners should have a minimum Class 3 coating. The specifications of the locating Trusstite truss screw may be either:

• #17-15x15 hex. head or

• 5/16"-12x17 hex. head screw.

The use of the correct fasteners in the quantities shown in the truss fabrication drawings are essential to ensure the design capacity of the trusses are achieved.

The following illustrations show the typical steps for assembly of a truss. In this example the webs are linked for ease of locating the parts.

6.4 ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System assembly

The following illustrations show the typical steps for assembly of a truss.

Step 1: Part Identification

Unpack the trusses and sort into truss lots using the branding as a guide. Identify the chords and webs from the branding information on the parts.

Step 2: Truss Layout & Chord Assembly

Identify the chords and lay toes down on a level surface or assembly table and align as per assembly drawing. The chords should be pre-notched allowing parts to overlap as shown. Pre-punched holes are provided for locating truss screw to connect the chords at the apex, heel and knee.

Step 3: Align holes and install a locating truss screw - fix at heels

When carrying out the primary assembly of the heel align notch holes as shown and install a locating truss screw in holes.

Step 4: Fix at apex or knee and install a locating truss screw

Align notch holes as shown and install a locating truss screw in holes.

Step 5: Web Installation

Separate linked webs by cutting or snapping pieces apart. If webs are joined they will be attached in the order required for assembly (Left to right). Snip or snap the webs apart and position each one over the truss chords near their final location. Where flush truss is being used (as in this example), the branding on the webs will face towards the top of the truss and toes of the channel will face down. For a non-flush or back to back truss the flanges of the webs face up and no notches are provided at the web ends.

Step 6: Align holes and fix connection with a locating truss screw

Using part identifier numbers layout the webs in accordance with the Assembly Sheet. Line up the 6mm locating holes on the ends of the webs with the appropriate holes on the truss chords. If a "flush" truss is being installed the flanges of the web are to face downwards in line with the truss chords Install a locating truss screw into the aligned holes ensuring that the screw is driven firmly home and does not strip. Should the locating truss screw strip, reduce the driver torque and place a 12-24x20 self drilling screw 20mm minimum from the locating truss screw.

Finished knee web connection (unreinforced)

Finished connection (reinforced)

Step 7: Overall Quality Check Before inserting any stiffeners or reinforcing screws check the overall dimensions of the truss against the Assembly Sheet.

For a complex shape truss, lay it on top of a previously assembled one and check they are the same.

6.5 ENDUROTRUSS® splicing

Large span trusses may be too large to economically transport and components may be too long to rollform and handle through the manufacturing workshop. The detailing software allows the Trained Software User to set a maximum component length. Where this length is exceeded the software will create a splice to subdivide the component. The splice will be located between truss panel points and close to the centre of the panel.

The two bottom chord members connect using the standard notched end as shown in Figure 6.3.

Figure 6.3 Bottom Chord connection at splice

After the chords are connected, a boxing piece is placed over the chords and fixed with 12-14x20 self drilling screws following the connection details in Figure 6.4.

Boxing member is Ribbed Channel of the same gauge and depth as the truss.

Figure 6.4. ENDUROTRUSS® Splice Details

Figure 6.4a Spliced Girder truss installation - Single Girder

6.5.1 Splicing of Boxed Chords

Splicing of boxed chords is to be in accordance with the following diagram.

A piece of U section stiffener the same gauge as the chords is to be housed over the spliced sections and extend 250mm either side and fixed with the recommended number of M6-1P x 18mm smooth top Tek screws.

Where the splice is separated by more than 1500mm it is more practical to apply a 500mm length of U section stiffener to each join and fixed with 6 x M6-1P x 18mm smooth top Tek screws to each end.

6.5.2 Splicing Boxed Chords

To maintain a minimum 600mm separation on the individual splice locations, the splice is to be placed at a minimum of 300mm from the centre of the required cut point. The chord boxing sections are then to be installed reversed end-on-end to offset the splice location.

6.6 ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System stiffening and re-inforcement

Refer to the ENDUROCADD® software generated connection drawing and the assembly drawings to identify reinforcing screws and stiffeners required to complete truss assembly. Primary fixing screws are self-locating Trusstite screws fastened through pre-punched holes, while reinforcing screws are #12-14x20 hex-head self-drilling fasteners, without washers. Stiffening screws should be installed a minimum of 21mm from each other and the locating screw and a minimum distance of 10mm from the edge and 17mm from the end.

Figure 6.5 Stiffening screw distances

From the appropriate connection drawing, identify the location and type of stiffener and/or the screws required. Install as shown on the drawing. Different stiffeners are specified for various loading and geometry.

The following posters can be used to summarise the location of screws in connections. They can be printed in A0 and laminated and placed next to locations where trusses are to be assembled.

Open

Open

6.6.1 Web stiffening

Identify webs requiring reinforcing screws by referring to the code printed on the part or the truss assembly drawing. For example 030-3 refers to three fasteners required on each end of web 030 - this is one locating truss screw and three #12-14x20 hex head screws. For larger trusses and flush, an additional screw may be placed in unreinforced webs to strengthen the trusses in the horizontal plane during handling, although they are not required for structural purposes. The position of the additional screw is as shown in step 6 of Section 6.3.

6.6.2 Apex stiffening

Identify the number and location of reinforcing screws required for chord to apex plate connection by referring to the connection drawing for the apex type. The range of apex stiffening options are shown in Table 3.

For example SC-APEX-E1-75-10-5 means to install one locating truss screw and four number #12-14x20 hex head screws.

Table 3 Apex types

Apex A

No stiffeners or plates and a single Trusstite connection

Apex E1

Notched C stiffener plate across apex with webs connected to top chord

Apex HS

Back-to-back chord sections

Apex F

200mm long Z10015 section over 125 x 125mm x 1.5mm stiffener for 90mm section or 100mm x 100mm x 1.5mm stiffener for 75mm section

Apex C

Standard apex plate connection

The fabrication drawing for the Apex C connection plate is located at this link - Smart Truss Apex Plate P11350-2.pdf.

Apex E2

Notched C section with boxed top chords

Apex HSF

Flush chord connection

6.6.3 Heel Stiffening

A range of heel stiffeners are available to enhance truss capacities and are changed depending on whether a truss or sheet roof is being used. From the appropriate connection drawing, identify the location and type of stiffener and/or the screws required. Install as shown on the drawing.

Heel A

Heel Connection with no stiffener or brackets. Used for lower span tile roof and low wind areas sheet roof

Heel B

Heel Connection with vertical channel stiffener. Stiffener increases bearing capacity of connection

Heel E1

Heel strengthened with CPAH bracket, 25 x 3 x 200mm plate tie or 50 x 50 x 3 x 200mm equal angle tie

Heel E2

Heel strengthened with CPAH bracket, 25 x 3 x 200mm plate tie or 50 x 50 x 3 x 200mm equal angle tie, with a boxed top chord.

Heel F1

Heel strengthened with CPAH bracket, 25 x 3 x 200mm plate tie or 50 x 50 x 3 x 200mm equal angle tie and 100x100 x1.5mm plate for 75mm truss and 125x125x1.5mm for 90mm truss

Heel F2

Heel strengthened with CPAH bracket, 25 x 3 x 200mm plate tie or 50 x 50 x 3 x 200mm equal angle tie, and 1.5mm plate with a boxed top chord 100 x 100 x 1.5mm plate for 75mm truss and 125 x 125 x 1.5mm for 90mm truss

Heel G

Heel strengthened with Heel-G bracket (200x35x1.5 thk)

Heel HS

Half Truss Heel where the vertical member is designed as a Chord

Heel HS-F

Half truss Heel where the end member has chord attributes and is flush

Heel HS-5-A

Stiffened version of the HS-F connection using a 200x35x1.5mm lintel section

6.6.4 Knee Stiffening

From the appropriate connection drawing, identify the location and type of stiffener and/or the screws required. Install as shown on the drawing.

The 35 x 35 x 200 x 1.0mm angle stiffener is provided for high compression knee connections (Knee Type D) or a 125mm x 125mm x 1.5mm plate (Knee Type E).

Summary of Knee Stiffeners is below.

Knee A

Unreinforced knee

Knee C

Horizontal 35 x 35 x 1.0mm angle stiffener, 200mm long

Knee E

Knee strengthened with 1.5mm plate to top chord preventing buckling Use 100 x 100 x 1.5mm plate with 75mm chordsUse 125 x 125 x 1.5mm plate with 90mm chords

6.6.5 Web Stiffening

Web stiffening may be required when flush truss is selected to increase the strength of the web in compression. This is done with a 200 x 35 x 1.5mm angle lintel, minimum 90mm long with the nominated number of fasteners into the connection as is shown in the figure below.

Figure 6.6 - WEBA Web stiffener

6.6.6 Chord Boxing

Where called for in the Assembly Sheet, chords are to be boxed using supplied boxing channel. Boxing is to be fixed to the inside flanges of chords using either #12-14x20 hex head self drilling screws, 10-16 x 16mm wafer head self drilling screws, or M6,0 x1P x 18,0 Smooth Top Gx Teks self drilling screws as per the diagram below. These are fixed 50mm from each end of the boxing and at 600 mm nominal centres along the boxing. Where fasteners will be fixed into the flanges of the boxed chords during the installation process in the locations described here (ie. due to the installation of tie down brackets, ceiling or roof battens, etc) they may be omitted during the fabrication process. In this case the fabricator should provide clear instructions to the installer on the required location of screws to meet the boxing requirements.

6.6.7 Web Boxing

Where called for in the Assembly Sheet, webs are to be boxed using supplied boxing channel. Boxing is to be fixed to the web using #10 -16x16 or #12-14x20 hex head self drilling screws through each flange 50 mm from each end of the boxing and at the centre of the web.

6.6.8 Web Supports

There are 3 types of web connections at support points that are used by the ENDUROCADD®  software:-

• SUP connection - this is used when truss webs are located above an internal load bearing wall or beam, and there is no failure in bearing.

• SUPA connection - this is used when truss webs are located above an internal load bearing wall or beam, and increased bearing is required by stiffening the bottom chord with a boxing section which is 250mm long in minimum 0.75mm BMT material

• SUPB connection - this is used when a single vertical web is attached back-to-back to a bottom chord. This is automatically inserted by the software when a support point is within 50 - 500mm of a heel connection, or where the user manually inserts a vertical web above a support.

• SUPB-F connection - this is used when a single vertical web is attached flush to a bottom chord. This is automatically inserted by the software when a support point is within 50 - 500mm of a heel connection, or where the user manually inserts a vertical web above a support.

SUP Connection

The SUP support is used when truss webs are located above an internal load bearing wall or beam and are inclined. In this case the numbers of reinforcing screws are indicated on the truss webs. This connection is used where there is no failure in bearing of the bottom chord.

Installers may choose to add a minimum 250mm boxing piece in minimum 0.75mm material onto trusses where there is insufficient space to attach a tie down bracket between the webs. In this case, the boxing piece is attached to the chord using 3 x 12-14x20hex head  or 3 x M6x1P flat fasteners on each flange of the boxing piece

SUP A Connection 

The SUPA support is used when truss webs are located above an internal load bearing wall or beam and are inclined, and increased bearing is required by stiffening the bottom chord with a boxing section which is a minimum of 250mm long in minimum 0.75mm BMT material. The number of re-inforcing screws are indicated on the truss webs. This boxing piece is attached to the chord using 3 x 12-14x20hex head  or 3 x M6x1P flat fasteners on each flange of the boxing piece. The numerical control data is not generated for production, and is constructed using scrap material. The truss tie down connection may be attached to either face of the truss bottom chord. 

SUP B Connection

The SUPB connection is used when a support point is between 50 - 500mm of an eave, and the ENDUROCADD®  software automatically inserts a back-to-back web. The minimum length of the vertical web is 195mm (if we start at the bottom of the vert web, there is 25 mm tab below the bottom chord, 45 mm up to the trusstite (attaching the web to the CL of the bottom chord), 100 mm to the next trusstite (attached to the top chord), then 25 mm tab. All add up to 195mm). This is so there is a sufficient space to operate the RW punch for a 90mm section (the punch has holes spaced at 100mm) and still fit within the part length. The tab of the web is extended past the bottom flange of the bottom chord such that the flanges of the web are perpendicular with the bottom flange of the bottom chord of the truss. The truss assembler shall manually bend or cut the tab off the truss.

The number of re-inforcing screws are indicated on the truss webs, however there shall be no fewer than 2 screws in the web to bottom chord connection - 1 x TRUSSTITE and 1 x 12-14x20 hex head fasteners.

The design values for these connections are derived from the HEEL-HS connections.

SUPB Connection when cantilever is between 50mm - 500mm from heel connection

SUPB Connection when user manually selects to make web vertical above a support point

SUPB-F Connection

This is a variation on the SUPB connection however the web is a flush web. The value for this connection is derived from the HEEL-HS-F connections.

6.6.9 Elbow Stiffening

From the appropriate connection drawing, identify the location and type of stiffener and/or the screws required for Elbow stiffening. 

Elbow Stiffener A

Elbow Stiffener C using an Elbow Plate

The detail for the elbow plate is at this link - Smartruss Elbow Plate P11867.pdf

6.7 Boxed Eaves

Boxed eaves can apply to trusses, common rafters or truss hips, and provide supports for the eaves lining. The distance can be adjusted to suit the dropoff height and the distance from the pitching point.

Boxed Eave Detail

It is possible that locating holes do not line up between the horizontal chord in the boxed eave and the locating hole in the truss top chord. In this case a 150mm long vertical back-to-back web is inserted to locate the position of the horizontal chord. In the event that a flush truss is being used this vertical back-to-back web may be removed and replaced with 2 x 12-14x20 hex head fasteners or a minimum 100 x 100mm plate to keep the bottom chord in place.

6.8 Pre-attaching ENDUROGRIP tiedown brackets to truss bottom chords

The ENDUROGRIP tiedown provides an option to pre-attach tiedowns to trusses so the reinforcing screws used in the truss heels can also double up as screws to attach the bracket to the truss. The ENDUROGRIP tiedown is similar to the Transition Part tie down however it has locating holes punched in it which align with holes punched in the bottom chord of trusses. Both the ENDUROGRIP tiedown and punching holes in bottom chords are options which need to be selected by software users in the ENDUROCADD® software in order for these features to appear in the project.

The dimensions of the ENDUROGRIP bracket are shown below:-

ENDUROGRIP dimensions

The type of ENDUROGRIP bracket varies depending on the size of the roof truss and the wall frame it is sitting on. The types of ENDUROGRIP brackets are shown in the table below based on the size of the roof truss and wall frame.

A summary sheet with the fabrication details for the ENDUROGRIP bracket are available at Installation details#ENDUROGRIPFabricationdetails-2pages. Key fabrication details are shown below:-

ENDUROGRIP installation on HEEL-A, HEEL-B, HEEL-E1, HEEL-E2, HEEL-F1, HEEL-F2, HEEL-G (stiffener not shown), Type 1A Hipe End

ENDUROGRIP installation on Type 1 Common Rafter

ENDUROGRIP installation for vertical web over internal load bearing wall - option 1

ENDUROGRIP installation for vertical web over internal load bearing wall - option 2

ENDUROGRIP installation for HEEL-HS, HEEL-HS4, HEEL-HSF-A, CHORDPT-S, CHORDPT-SF - Option 1

ENDUROGRIP installation for HEEL-HS, HEEL-HS4, HEEL-HSF-A, CHORDPT-S, CHORDPT-SF - Option 2

7.0 Roof construction

7.1 General and design

ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System roof trusses have been designed to engineering standards and it is essential that to perform, as designed, they are handled, erected and braced correctly. The following recommendations apply to roof trusses on standard domestic and light commercial buildings.

The trusses are designed by the ENDUROCADD® design software to suit the specific roof and ceiling geometry and loads applicable site conditions. Additional loading such as Solar Units, Hot Water Tanks, Air Conditioning, etc. require special consideration at the time of design and the placing of these additional loads must be referred back to the designer.

Wind load is an important factor in the design and performance of roof trusses. Ensure that the correct design wind loads have been used and that the tie down of trusses to the wall structure is carried out in accordance with the construction documentation.

7.1.1 Prior to construction

Before commencing roof construction:

1. Check the support structure in particular the plan dimensions, the plumb and level of the support structure, the straightness of the supporting walls or beams and that the structure is adequately braced, stable and tied down. Rectify support structure if found deficient prior to proceeding.

2. Roof trusses must be inspected and any damaged parts must be reported immediately to ensure correct rectification. Approval for site rectification should be obtained from the truss manufacturer.

3. Check that the ENDUROCADD® software generated truss layout matches the building and that all truss set-out dimensions and truss identification marks have been provided.

7.1.2 Trusses above Internal load bearing walls

Where trusses are supported by internal load bearing walls, the truss web configuration will be designed to satisfy the load concentration at the load bearing point. Ensure that the truss is installed such that bottom chord to web connections are within 5mm to the support points. The builder should ensure that these loads are accommodated in the foundation design.

7.1.3 Fasteners

Generally for roof construction #12-14x20mm hex head self-drilling Class 3 screws are used for all structural connections. Use the recommended number shown on the drawings.

In connections, maintain a minimum fastener spacing of 17mm and minimum distance of 17mm to the end of sections and a minimum 10mm from the edge. Refer to Section 6.5 for a diagram showing locations.

7.2 Roof truss set-out

Prior to lifting any trusses into place, mark out the truss locations on the top wall plate, using the supplied Roof Framing Layout as a reference. Layout commences from the outside of the wall panels. The trusses may be aligned to load bearing studs. In cases where it is not aligned, sufficient capacity shall be provided for top plate using lintels or stiffeners. Check that design truss spacings have not been exceeded.

If trusses are fixed to the support structure using brackets these are often installed in the marked positions prior to positioning the trusses.

Alternatively service holes may be punched in the top plate above studs to which trusses are to be fixed. These service holes are to act as location points and allow a 25 x 3 x 200mm tie down strap to fit through and fix to the face of the stud.

It is generally best practice to install Girder trusses and Hip ends before proceeding with the installation of standard truss runs.

Whilst erecting roof trusses ensure that each truss is erected in the correct position, correctly orientated with chords aligned with the roof slopes and plumb (using a spirit level).

Figure 7.1 Truss layout drawing generated by ENDUROCADD®

7.3 Gable End Construction

Gable ends can be constructed as either:

• Flush gable ends where roof battens and end wall cladding is directly supported by either a raking end wall or a truss fitted with cladding support members. See 7.3.1 Flush Gable.

• Outrigger gable ends where outriggers are installed perpendicular to roof trusses and sit on top of truss top chords (or raking walls) above the vertical roof face. See 7.11 Outriggers.

• Gable ladder gable ends where gable ladders (a type of verge overhang built like wall panels) are installed inline with the roof plane and supported by a raking end wall and . See 7.12 Gable ladders.

7.3.1 Flush Gable

Flush gables support roof battens and end wall cladding directly using either a raking end wall or a truss fitted with cladding support members as shown in Figure 7.3.

Figure 7.3 Framing and truss configuration for a flush gable

7.3.1.1 Supporting flush gables with gable end trusses

Gable end trusses are usually positioned just inside the end wall to allow the ceiling battens to be fixed directly to the truss bottom chord and framing members are attached directly to the truss outside face to support wall cladding. These framing members may consist of battens or wall studs and must be designed to span between the ceiling plane and the roof plane.

7.3.1.1 Supporting flush gables with raking walls

Raking walls must extend to the roof plane to provide wall cladding support and studs must be designed to span from floor to roof. If there is a ceiling plane below the roof plane then the studs must be fixed so as to transfer end wall wind loads into the ceiling plane. Refer Figure 7.2 for connection details.

7.3.2 Outriggers

Outriggers are verge overhangs that are perpendicular to roof trusses and sit on top of truss top chords within the roof batten space. They can be used to overhang different types of vertical roof faces including:

• gable roofs

• skillion roofs

• dutch hips

• dormers

There are four different fascia alternatives for outriggers:

• None - no extra parts. Outriggers can be boxed or unboxed

• Plate - U section plate part for attaching fascia brackets etc. Outriggers can be boxed or unboxed.

• Barge - boxed C section connects outrigger parts at the verge overhang. Outriggers must be unboxed.

• Plate and Barge - boxed C section connects outrigger parts at the verge overhang via a U section plate part. Outriggers can be boxed or unboxed.

Outriggers can be supported by either:

• Trusses
  
  

• Raking walls
  
  

  7.3.2.1 Assembling outriggers

To assemble outriggers:

7.3.2.2 Installing outriggers

To install outriggers:

7.3.3 Gable ladders

Gable Ladders are a type of verge overhang built like wall panels, with a bottom plate, top plate, noggings, studs and bracing.

Please review the following figure and read the key points below before proceeding with installation:

• Gable ladders are installed inline with the roof plane and the front face of the gable ladder faces upwards.

• Gable ladders must be supported by both a raking end wall that is offset by the section thickness of the gable ladder (70mm, 75mm or 90mm) and an end truss built with boxed top chords that face the end of the roof to provide fixing points for the gable ladder.

• Gable ladders are orientated with the bottom plate attached to the end-most roof truss and the top plate at the verge overhang end of the roof

• Gable ladder nogging web lines up with the external face of the raking wall.

7.3.3.1 Assembling gable ladders

To assemble a gable ladder:

7.3.3.2 Installing gable ladders

To install a gable ladder:

7.4 Hip End Construction

The ENDUROFRAME system provides multiple options for hip roof construction with 4 options for construction of common (sometimes referred to as 'jack') rafters and 3 options for hip rafters. With the exception of the Type 3 Hip end, combinations of each of these can also be selected.

The four options are available for hip end construction:

• Type 1

• Type 1A

• Type 2.

• Type 3

The Type 3 Hip End consists entirely of roof trusses and there are no common or hip rafters.

Each option has different configurations for trusses and rafters although the general assembly method is the same. There are also two options for hip rafter construction which can be used with each of the hip end and rafter construction methods. A description of these hip end construction options and how they are installed is described in Sections 7.4.1, 7.4.2 and 7.4.3.

7.4.1 Type 1 Hip construction

Type 1 Hips use single common rafters that may be boxed and run from the eaves to the hip rafter. Toes on common rafters face towards the center of the building.

A simple 1 page installation drawing that can be sent to site showing how to install Type 1 hip end rafters with a boxed hip is available at Installation details#HipEndInstallation and is also shown below:-

Open

Figure 7.6 Type 1 Hip End Construction with Boxed Hip

Standard ENDUROTRUSS® Framing System hip end trusses (Type 1 Hips) are generally placed perpendicular to the main roof trusses and at the same spacing as the main roof trusses.

Constructing Type 1 hip roofs

To construct a Type 1 hip roof:

Figure 7.7: Sequence to install trusses, common rafters and hip rafters on type 1 and type 1A hip end roof

7.4.2 Connecting Common Rafters in Type 1 Hip End

Common Rafters run perpendicular to trusses to the eave of the building. Toes shall face towards the centre of the roof as shown in Figure 7.8. There are a variety of tie down options connecting common rafters both to truncated truss top chords and walls.

Figure 7.8: Common rafter to truncated truss at hip

Figure 7.9: Common rafter to truncated truss

Figure 7.10: Common rafter to truncated top chord end

Figure 7.11: Common Rafter to truss top chord using tiedown brackets. Triple grip brackets shown but Multigrip or angle may also be used

Figure 7.12: Common Rafter/creeper rafter to wall top plate using screws

Figure 7.13: Rafter to wall top plate using Pryda® Triple-Grip shear connector  

Figure 7.14: Rafter to wall top plate using Pryda® Multi-Grip

7.4.3 Type 1A Hip construction

Type 1A is a variation on the Type 1 Hip. The truss layout and design is identical to the Type 1 Hip. However the rafters are triangulated between the first station truss and the hip end wall by the addition of a horizontal and vertical member.

Each rafter is thus a simple truss with an extended top chord as shown in Figure 7.15, creating a hybrid of a Type 1 and Type 2 hip. The purpose of these members is to plumb the first station truncated truss, simplify erection and enable simple installation of rafters where the pitching line is outside the support wall.

Figure 7.15: Type 1A hip construction

Figure 7.16: Installation of a Type 1A hip truss

7.4.4 Type 2 Hip Construction

Type 2 Hips use half trusses supported by a girder truss instead of rafters. These half trusses must be flush and are placed in exactly the same location as common rafters, generally with chord toes facing towards the hip centre.

Type 2 Hip ends may also require truncated half trusses to run down the roof line. In this event the same rules apply for setting Horn IP, Hip IP and Rafter IPs on the horizontal top chord of the truncated half trusses as shown in Figure 7.17.

Figure 7.17: Type 2 hip construction 

Constructing a Type 2 Hip roof

To construct a Type 2 Hip roof:

7.4.5 Type 3 Hip Construction

7.4.6 Hip Rafter Construction

There are four hip rafter types that can be used with any type of hip end construction:

• boxed hip rafter

• veed hip rafter

• hip truss rafter

• centred boxed hip

7.4.6.1 Boxed Hip Rafters 

Open

Figure 7.24 - Boxed Hip Rafter Fabrication

Boxed hip rafters are made from two boxed sections of the same section used for the common rafters, with U sections connected to the boxed hip rafters with a Topspan 22 ceiling batten. Creeper rafters are attached to the side of the boxed hip to provide a fixing point for fascia board. Fabrication sheets are prepared for each boxed hip rafter pair which includes the locations for the creeper rafters to be attached. An example of the fabrication sheet is shown in Figure 7.25. There is a left and right boxed hip rafter option. The left and right hip rafter is identified by looking at the hip end from outside the end of the roof.

Figure 7.25 - Boxed Hip Rafter Fabrication Sheet

Boxed hip rafters extend along the entire hip line of the roof from the eave line to the apex of the roof. Figure 7.6 includes all of the details to install a boxed hip rafter to a steel wall frame.

Figure 7.26: Boxed Hip rafter to wall tiedown detail

The recommended method to tie down a boxed hip rafter is with a 32 x 1mm strap which wraps over the boxed hip rafter and is connected to studs on the supporting walls. A single 12-14x20 hex head fastener is placed in the top of the boxed hip to prevent the hip rafter from rotating, and 3 pieces of 12-14x20 hex head fasteners on each end of the strap bracing to tied the boxed hip rafter to the 2 studs. If walls other than steel walls are used, alternative connection methods should be used.

Figure 7.27: Boxed hip rafter to horn connection

Figure 7.28: Connecting Common Rafters to Boxed hip rafter

Figure 7.29: Crown end rafter to boxed hip rafter

Figure 7.30: Connecting Boxed hip rafter at apex with no crown rafter

7.4.6.2 Veed Hip Rafters

Figure 7.31: Veed hip rafters sitting on walls

Veed hip rafters are standard components that run from the second truncated truss to the edge of the roof. Veed hip rafters:

• require the least amount of material, although there is some time required for assembly

• sit on the corner of external walls and are not suitable when the pitching point extends beyond the external walls.

They are available in various standard lengths and as left and right sections (Figure 7.32 ) to facilitate nesting against the horns of truncated trusses.

Figure 7.32: Left and right veed hip sections

The position of the Veed hip rafter relative to the truss horn and common rafter is shown in Figure 7.33. The Veed plate hip rafter is manually adjusted along the hip line until it is in the correct position and the eave is correct. The creepers may be adjusted by folding in and out until they are in the correct location, and then fixed in place with a second fastener.

Figure 7.33: Installation of Veed hip rafter relative to horn and common rafter

Creeper rafters, if required, are pre-attached to the Veed plate hip rafter and support the fascia. There is a left and a right side with the longer rafter aligned with the bent notch on the horn of the truncated truss as shown in Figure 7.33.

The Veed hip rafters are kept at a V section by running a Topspan 22 batten between the two chords, and the creeper rafters are pre-attached to the assembly.

Figure 7.34: Installed veed hip rafter with creeper rafters bent out

The type of veed hip rafter components and the length of each of the components depends on the size of the overhang following the table below. Parts A, B, and C are indicated in Figure 7.29.

Figure 7.35: Veed Hip rafter relative to eaves line

In wind regions N1 – N3 and with overhangs of less than 200mm Veed hip rafters are fixed to the top plate using 2 x 12-14x20 hex head fasteners fastened through to the top plate as shown in Figure 7.36. In all other wind areas Veed hip rafters are tied down to truncated trusses and to wall frames using 32 x 1mm strap fixed with 3 x fasteners at each of the strap as shown in Figure 7.37.

7.4.6.3 Hip Truss

Hip trusses are flush trusses that run along the hip line from the eave to the first truncated truss for Type 1 and Type 1A hip ends, and to the truncated truss for a Type 2 Hip End. Hip trusses are the only option when the pitching point is extended past the external walls. Hip trusses are made from the same sections as the default selections made for the roof trusses.

Figure 7.40: Hip truss on a Type 1 or Type 1A Hip End

Figure 7.41: Hip truss on Type 2 Hip End

For a Type 2 Hip end the vertical chord on the hip truss stops at the first truncated truss, however it extends up to the girder truss. The creeper rafters are attached to the face of the of the hip truss.

The half trusses are all flush truss to allow for easy fixing onto the first truncated truss, and are identical to the primary half trusses used in a radial roof. The top chord extends past the vertical member by 100mm as defined in Figure 7.37.

Figure 7.42: Hip truss

The bottom chord has a tab extending 40mm past the vertical chord. Both the top and bottom flanges are notched to allow this to happen. This is manually bent 45 degrees as demonstrated in Figure 7.38. The half truss is fixed with 2 x 12-14x20 hex head fasteners through both the top chord and the bottom chord into the truncated truss.

Figure 7.43: Connection between Hip truss and bottom chord of truncated truss

The top chord of the hip truss extends past the hip IP by 100mm. The horn on the truncated truss is bent 45 degrees for the hip rafter to fix to. The toes on the hip truss face towards the center of roof. Details are shown in Figure 7.39.

Figure 7.44: Top chord of hip truss

Tie down connections for trussed hips shall be the same as normal trusses. A 25 x 1mm overstrap can be selected and used similar to a Veed hip rafter as shown in Figure 7.32.

7.4.6.3 Centred Boxed Hip

Open

7.4.7 Common Rafters on Dutch Gables

Common rafters connect to a flush truss with the toes facing away from the hip end, and a horizontal rail back-to-back with the truss chords and webs. End rafter IPs are placed 43mm away from the intersection point of the underside of the top chord and the horizontal rail towards the center of the truss. Additional intermediate rafter IPs are placed along the horizontal rail at no more than the truss spacing at even spacings. This is demonstrated in Figure 7.49.

Figure 7.45: Location of rafter IPs on a Dutch Gable truss rail

Common rafters fit onto the horizontal rail following the cross section shown in Figure 7.45.

If the V notch on the rafter clashes with either the webs or chords it would be manually trimmed or bent on site so it can fit.

7.4.8 Crown Rafters

A Crown Rafter is positioned at the centre of a standard hip face running from the intersection point of the hip lines to the outside edge of the eave block.

A Crown Rafter Tie is an additional horizontal piece spanning from the top of the crown rafter (intersecting hip lines) to the first standard truss. The minimum distance from the top of the crown rafter to first standard truss should be 150mm for the horizontal extension piece to be implemented.

The length of this crown rafter tie will be 40mm past the Top Chord of the adjacent standard truss.

The end of the Crown Rafter tie will have flange and lip notches (like the bent tab at bottom of studs). This then gives flexibility on site to be manually bent and a screw manually added through the web of the rafter extension into the top chord of the adjacent truss.

Figure 7.46: Crown Rafter Tie Details

7.4.9 Creeper Rafters

Creeper rafters are required where the spacing between the point between the end of the hip rafter and either the first truncated truss or the common rafter exceeds the maximum truss spacing. They are only required for a Boxed Hip or a Hip Truss, as Veed Hip Rafters have in-built creeper rafters. Connection of creeper rafters is similar to the connection between a secondary and primary truss in a radial roof.

A creeper rafter is positioned to land on the wall at the mid-point between the hip rafter and either the first station truncated truss and/or the first common rafter. In the case of a boxed hip, a single member is added as a top chord while with a hip truss, a truss is added, and is connected at both the top and bottom chord of the hip truss.

Figure 7.51: Hip/creeper rafter connection 

The toes on the creeper truss/rafter face away from the boxed hip/hip truss.

When a hip truss is selected, the creeper rafter has a vertical and horizontal chord similar to a small truss. In this scenario, the top and bottom chord on the creeper rafter extend past the vertical chord on the creeper rafter by 40mm, and are notched on both flanges so they can be bent at 45 degrees and fixed to the primary truss as shown in Figures 7.52 and 7.53. If this tab a damaged a Pryda MT15 Plate can be used.

Where the creeper truss connects to the open face of a hip truss a 200mm long boxing piece is attached to the hip truss to provide a fixing point. This 200mm long piece is cut from surplus material and factory or site installed. The centreline of the boxing piece on the top and bottom chords shall be marked on the fabricated drawing.

Figure 7.52: Connecting top chord of creeper to hip truss (hip truss shown)

Figure 7.53: Positioning of bottom chord of creeper rafter onto a hip truss

Creeper rafters are generally built with just a single top chord however may require a vertical and horizontal chord to be inserted. This is required especially where the truss pitching point is cantilevered past the walls as the horizontal and vertical chord will ensure that the top chord follows the roof plane when the creeper rafter is installed.

The rules for construction of creeper rafters are described in the following table:

7.5 Dutch gable construction

Figure 7.54: Dutch gable 

Dutch gables are constructed in a similar way to Type 1 hip ends. A standard A truss is provided at the nominated set-back position and is provided with a horizontal channel rail to support the rafters. Installation of truncated trusses and rafters is in accordance with the Type 1 hip end construction. The setback position is shown on the truss layout drawing shown in Section 7.2.

Constructing Dutch Gables

To construct a Dutch Gable:

7.6 Valley end construction

Figure 7.57: Valley end connection

Figure 7.57 shows a typical arrangement for bridge trusses supported by a girder truss. Saddle trusses are placed over the bridge trusses to infill the void and form the ridge line. This combination of bridge girder and saddle truss set is called a valley end. 

Table 7.8.5 Limit State Design Loads for Pryda® TBJ45 Bracket (Bridge Truss to Girder Truss)

7.6.1 Girder-bridge truss connection

To connect bridge trusses to a girder truss:

7.6.2 Assembling Bridge Trusses

7.6.3 Installing Bridge Trusses onto Girder Trusses

Install the bridge trusses to the external wall and girder truss as shown in Figure 7.59a and 7.59b.

7.6.4 Saddle truss construction

Figure 7.62: Saddle truss detail

To install saddle trusses:

7.6.5 Valley Installation

Valley installation using a valley plate is shown in the detail below:-

Open

Figure 7.65: Valley Installation Detail

As the bottom corner of the valley rafter connects between the intersection of the sloping top chord and horizontal top chord of the truss, there is a gap between the top of the valley rafter and the valley line as can be seen from Figure 7.66.

Figure 7.66: Position of Valley Line

An optional valley tray may be used to locate the position of the valley line. This is made from 1.0 x 178mm wide feed and is folded in the dimensions shown in Figure 7.67. The valley tray can be fitted as per Figure 7.65.

Figure 7.67: Valley Tray Detail

At the lower end of a valley junction, a rafter fabricated from scrap material can be placed to provide support for the fascia. Minimum section size to be the same as for common rafters required for the required span and overhang as specified in the Enduroframe design manual. Refer to graphic below.

Panel 7.68 Inserting Rafter to Valley line

7.6.6 Valley - Extend to Next Truss

Open

7.6.7 Radial Roof

A diagrammatic representation explaining the various elements of a radial truss is shown in Figure 7.69. Radial trusses consist of the following elements:

Girder truss. This is the same as standard girder trusses.

Barrel. This is connected to two vertical members on the girder truss and rotates around. A picture of the barrel including dimensions is shown in Figure 7.70.

Primary trusses. These are half trusses attached to the barrel radiating out from a central point on the girder truss and sit at the hip corners of the roof.

Secondary trusses. These are half trusses that are in between the primary trusses. They are placed when the Primary truss spacing exceeds the standard truss spacing in between the primary trusses at the eave line and may be attached to the face of the Barrel. These trusses typically remain perpendicular to the pitching line.

Intermediate trusses. These are the remaining trusses that are may be required between the Primary and Secondary trusses if the spacing is greater than the truss spacing at the eave.

Figure 7.69: Radial truss key components

Radial roof construction

To install a radial roof:

7.7 Common roof block construction

Figure 7.75: Use spirit level to plumb truss

To install common roof blocks:

7.8 Truss and Rafter Tie Down Connections

The designer should specify the tie down system to be used for each job with reference to ENDUROCADD® truss and rafter reactions and standard connection design capacities. The truss and rafter reactions to be resisted are calculated by the ENDUROCADD® software, however a ready reckoner on the reactions to be resisted under a range of roof truss spacings, spans and wind loads are shown in Tables 7.8.2a, 7.8.2b and 7.8.2c. Note that these tables may be more conservative than the values calculated by the ENDUROCADD® software. 

Table 7.8.2a. Truss Downward Reactions for a Tile Roof in a non-cyclonic region

Table 7.8.2b Truss Uplift Reactions at Top Plate under a Sheet Roof – Non-Cyclonic

Table 7.8.2c Truss Uplift Reactions at Top Plate under a Sheet Roof – Cyclonic

Note: 

1) The wind pressure coefficients to determine Truss Uplift Reactions are based on AS 4055-2011 Table 3.1

2) Truss uplift reactions are based on most critical design conditions (slope, input parameters of Pressure Coefficients from AS 4055 etc.).

3) Accurate uplift reactions to suit the truss /building layout configuration and AS 1170.2 wind pressure coefficients can be obtained from ENDUROCADD® Software Engineering sheet output.

Based on the reactions selected from Tables 7.8.2a, 7.8.2b or 7.8.2c an appropriate tie down shall be selected. The selection of an appropriate tie down depends on a number of factors:-

1. The thickness of the truss chord;

2. The thickness of the top plate;

3. The thickness of the stiffening piece;

4. Whether the trusses are landing in between studs, are directly tied to a stud or above a 200 x 30 x 1.5mm lintel;

5. The type of tie down selected; 

6. The tie down should be selected AFTER the truss, top plate, stud, and stiffener thicknesses have been determined, and whether the studs are aligned under trusses or will be attached to a 1.5mm thick lintel. The top plate should be checked for truss downward reactions. The tie downs can be selected in the ENDUROCADD® software and shown on tie down sheets, however Table 7.8.3 can also be used as a guide based on a selection of truss and wall frame configurations. 

Table 7.8.3 – Connection Capacity of various configurations of truss chords, studs, top plates and tie downs

Each option assumes that the plates are connected to studs with 1 x M6x1Px15mm smooth top fastener on each side of the plate.

• Option requires a 200 x 35 x 1.5mm lintel to be installed.

• For bolting to a masonry wall or structural steel connection with a minimum M12 bolt through a 50 x 3mm square washer.

A 2 in front of the connection type denotes a double connection into a boxed section.

A description of the Tie Down types is shown in Table 7.8.4

Table 7.8.4

If the Plate transition bracket hold down is connected to a stud following the detail below:-

7.8.1 Boxed Tie Downs

To attach a tie down to the reverse side of a truss or rafter the section will need to be boxed with a 200mm long boxing piece. This boxing piece can be cut back from a piece of scrap steel and attached to the truss. For apex trusses the boxing piece will be connected to the top chord of the trusses as per Figure 7.76. For half trusses with vertical chords the boxing plate may be attached to either the vertical or horizontal chords as per Figure 7.77.

Figure 7.76: Boxing piece to truss top chord

Figure 7.77: 200mm boxing piece fixed to either horizontal or vertical chords on a half truss

Tie downs are then fixed to the boxing piece using the quantities of fasteners shown in Table 7.8.4 for the respective tie downs. An example of the tie down methodology is shown in Figure 7.78 for triple grips. Other tie downs are fixed in a similar manner.

Figure 7.78: Fixing double tie downs to truss and top plate (Triple grips shown)

7.9 Truss restraints

Truss restraints are rollformed U or L sections which span between adjacent truss chords (or wall and truss chord) and help restrain trusses during truss installation, making truss installation much quicker and easier by removing the need to use battens to restrain the trusses once they are stood. Truss restraints only span between chords or wall top plates that are on the same horizontal plane, and are not inserted where there is a change in the ceiling plane (ie. where there is a coffered ceiling adjacent to a flat ceiling) or a change in the roof plane (ie. at hip ends).

Truss restraints can also:

• substitute for ceiling trimmers where there are no ceiling battens used

• serve as permanent bottom chord restraints where there are no ceiling battens

• provide restraint for non-load bearing walls that run parallel and in between roof trusses.

Figure 7.79: U section and angle section truss restraints

7.9.1 Identifying truss restraints

Truss restraints can be Common or Unique. Common truss restraints are for the default truss spacing that the designer has used to design the roof, eg. 600mm, 900mm or 1200mm spacings. This will be the majority of the truss restraints that are used on a job and can be used between any pair of trusses that have this spacing.

Unique truss restraints are used when the truss spacing does not follow the default truss spacing. 

Truss restraint print strings

Print strings are place on all truss restraints so it is clear which trusses they should be placed between.

Common truss restraints are printed with truss spacing only, e.g. 900SP

Unique truss restraints are printed with the trusses they span between and the truss spacing, e.g. T001-T002-920SP means the truss spacer spans between trusses T001 and T002, and is 920mm long.

Truss restraints in layout sheets

Rows of truss restraints are shown in layout sheets.

Top and bottom chord truss restraints rows are indicated by different line weights. Top chord truss restraints are indicated on layout drawings with a solid line, while bottom chord truss restraints have dotted lines.

Use of unique or common truss restraints can be identified from layout sheets according to these rules:

1. Common truss restraints are used where:

   1. The space between adjacent trusses or truss and wall matches the truss spacing setting in the Roof Construction menu

   2. AND either

      1. Adjacent truss chords are facing the same direction

      2. Or the truss is next to a wall

2. Unique truss restraints are used everywhere else.
   
   
   

Truss restraints in truss fabrication sheets

Wherever possible, truss restraints are identified in truss fabrication sheets. They are fixed on the open side (toe side) of the trusses which is the opposite side to the truss webs so that they can be folded out on site and connected to the adjacent truss.

Arrows indicate the approximate location of truss restraints (truss restraints may need to be moved later to avoid clashing with truss webs).

7.9.2 Attaching truss restraints to trusses in factory

Truss restraints can be pre-attached to trusses in factory, folded flat over the truss chord, ready to fold out onsite.

Attach truss restraints to the open side (toe side) of the truss chord in the location shown on the truss fabrication sheet. 

Figure 7.80: Truss restraints pre-attached to trusses in factory

7.9.3 Installing truss restraints on site

To install truss restraints on site:

1. Stand trusses
   
   

    

2. If truss restraint was pre-attached to truss in factory, fold out truss restraint. Otherwise, position truss restraint between trusses according to layout sheet.
   
   

    

3. Fasten truss restraint flange to truss chords (or wall top plate) using a 12-14X20 screw at each end of the truss restraint. You may also use M6-1Px18 tek screws.
   Leave clearance between the truss restraint web and the truss chord.

   Figure 7.81: Fixing detail for U section truss restraint
   
   
   

4. Repeat steps for the remaining truss restraints.

7.10 Roof bracing

Roof bracing can be broadly classified into four groups:

1. Temporary bracing for installed top chord 

2. Roof cross bracing

3. Bottom chord bracing

4. Web bracing.

An example of roof cross bracing is shown in Figure 7.82. 

Figure. 7.82: Roof cross bracing using strap bracing

7.10.1 Temporary bracing

Temporary bracing should be in place to support trusses until all bracing is installed. Temporary ties should be made in accordance with Table 7.10.1. Ties should be fixed to each truss with a minimum of one #12-14x20 screw.

Temporary braces may be truss or batten sections. Minimum sizes are shown in Table 7.10.1 below. Unless requested, temporary bracing materials are not supplied. Care should be taken that supplied parts used as temporary bracing are removed after permanent bracing is installed for use in their intended location.

Table 7.10.1 Size of temporary ties

Figure 7.83 Double brace

7.10.2 Cross Bracing

Bracing must be a minimum 32 x 1.2mm (min.) with minimum tension capacity of 8.4 kN. Bracing may be larger and may have a bend to make installation easier by keeping the bracing straight without any sagging. Proprietary bracing system may be used conforming to AS 4440:2004. Where single brace is insufficient, double bracing needs to be provided as shown in Figure 7.83. Refer to the table below for single or double bracing. Strap bracing with tensioners is a form of cross bracing.

7.10.2.1 Fixings

Bracing should be fixed to apex of A-truss as shown in Figure 7.84.Bracing should be fixed to wall top plate adjacent to truss positions as shown in Figure 7.86. Fix bracing to each intermediate truss using 1 x 12-14x20 hex head screws as shown in Figure 7.85.For cantilevered trusses and cut-off/half trusses, bracing should be fixed as shown in Figure 7.85.

Step 1: Apex fixing Fasten the brace to the outside edge of the top chord of the gable end truss at the apex and lay it diagonally down the slope, at an angle 30º - 45º to the truss line.

Step 2: Wall fixing Fix the other end to the outer flange of the top wall plate. Ensure that the trusses are plumb.

Step 3: Tensioning When all the braces have been installed, check that trusses are plumb and straight, and are effectively tied together with temporary battens. Where strap brace is used, fix bracing to the apex of the first truss and at the wall adjacent to the last truss as shown in Figure 7.84. Tension bracing before fixing to intermediate trusses with tensioner bracket and fix strap to each truss.Fix braces to the upper face of the top chord at each intersection. 

Figure 7.84: Brace to chord connection

Figure 7.85: End fixing at apex

Figure 7.86: Fixing at anchorage point at wall top plate

Figure 7.87: Typical splice detail

Figure 7.88: Fixing details for cantilevers

Figure 7.89: Fixing details for cut off or half trusses

7.10.2.2 Bracing Layout

The type and layout of the top chord steel brace are related to the truss span, shape and loading of the roof. The area of the standard truss overhangs is not required to be braced.

7.10.2.3 Gable roof bracing layout

Figure 7.90: Truss Spans 8 to 13m

Figure 7.91: Truss Spans 13 - 16m

7.10.2.4 Hip Roof

For roofs with hip zone, the hip rafter serves as bracing and no additional top chord bracing is required in this zone, as it will provide significant permanent bracing capacity.

If the portion of the roof between the hip end or Dutch-hip ends (L) is greater than half span of roof truss (h), then the roof shall be braced as per gable roof.

Ensure that the angle between strap brace to supporting wall frame/structure is between 30-60 degrees and that bracing is taken from apex/ridge point of truss. Figures 7.92 and 7.93 demonstrate how to maintain the correct angle of the bracing for different truss spans and roof length. Where the roof length is greater than the half span of the roof truss, the bracing can connect to the same truss at both the ridge and the eave as is shown in Figure 7.92.

Figure 7.92: Roof length L ≥ half-span of roof truss, h

In order to keep the roof brace angle less than 60 degrees because the roof length is less than the half-span of the roof truss, the roof brace may need to connect to the eave of truncated roof trusses that are further apart than the trusses that form the apex/ridge of the roof. The trusses the bracing is connected to is shown in Figure 7.93.

Figure 7.93: Roof length L< half-span of roof truss, h

7.10.2.5 Dual Pitched Roof

On dual-pitched or cut-off roofs where the ridge line is not central on the building, each side of the ridge shall be considered as a separate case and gable end details shall be applied.

Figure 7.94

7.10.2.6 Bell Roof

For bell trusses, the bracing should be spliced at the bell breaks as shown below. 

Refer to Figure 7.86 for typical steel brace splice detail.

Figure 7.95: Bell roof cross bracing

7.10.3 Bottom chord bracing

Bottom chord bracing is required to provide restraint to bottom chords of trusses when they are in compression due to wind uplift. Where ceiling battens are mechanically fixed to the bottom chord of trusses, using screw fasteners the ceiling battens (along with ceiling sheeting) provide adequate bottom chord bracing.

For suspended ceilings, clip-on battens or exposed bottom chords where ceiling battens do not provide lateral restraint, bottom chord ties shall be provided. 

Bottom Chord bracing consists of bottom chord ties and diagonal bracing. 

Bottom chord ties may be roof battens or truss chord material (Minimum TOPSPAN® 22) fixed to each at spacing specified by roof designer and used in the truss design. The diagonal bracing may be minimum 32 x 1.2 strap brace fixed at each end in accordance with the bracing layout, tensioned and then fixed to each intermediate truss bottom chord. Refer to Figures 7.84 and 7.86 for details and numbers of screws.

Ties and bracing to be fixed to supporting walls to transfer bracing loads to the structure.

Figure 7.96: Typical bottom chord ties bracing layout

The ends of ceiling battens restraining bottom chords shall be connected to end walls via a trim angle. Refer to Figure 7.97.

Figure 7.97 Ceiling battens restrained at each end

7.10.4 Bracing Trusses with Raking or Coffered Ceilings

Additional top and bottom chord bracing and restraints required where coffered or raked ceilings are used to ensure that loads are transferred to adjacent walls, and trusses are restrained. Refer to Figures 7.98 and 7.99.

Figure 7.98: Section of bracing and chord restraints in raked ceiling

Figure 7.99: Isometric of Top and bottom chord bracing and restraints in raked ceiling

7.10.5 Web bracing

The slenderness and capacity of web members of longer lengths can be enhanced by boxing of sections or by providing lateral restraints. The lateral restraint extends out at right angles to the plane of the truss and along the building and is braced back to the ceiling on roof plane at each end of building. Figure 7.106 shows ties which are suitable for cases when trusses are parallel to each other and webs of trusses line up. A web rail is suitable when trusses are parallel to each other but the webs do not line up, as illustrated in Figure 7.107.

Web rails are usually C7010ra, C7510ra or C9010ra channel and the lateral ties are usually specified as TOPSPAN® 40. The Trained Software User will advise if lateral bracing is required. Typical web rail and lateral ties fixing details are shown in Figure 7.108.

7.11 Battens

7.11.1 Ceiling battens and plasterboard angles

Ceiling battens must be fitted immediately after the roof trusses have been installed. By fixing the ceiling battens at this stage the roof trusses will be laterally restrained without the need of bottom chord ties.

Step 1: When all trusses are erected, install ceiling battens to the underside of the bottom chords. Ceiling battens can be spaced at 600mm centres or 450mm centres depending on the type of plasterboard that will be used for the ceiling (check the specifications). Ceiling batten sizes shall be selected from batten manufacturer's technical literature and sized to suit span, spacings and loads.

Step 2: Fix the ceiling battens with two #10-16x16mm hex head self drilling screws, one into each flange of the batten into the bottom chord of the truss.

Step 3: Plasterboard angle must be used at the intersection of the ceiling batten/load bearing wall junction to support the ends of the ceiling battens.

Figure 7.100

7.11.2 Internal wall support and shear transfer

Figure 7.101: Internal Wall bracket -Ceiling Batten

It is important that the truss can move up and down in this bracket so screws should be able to slide. To enable the trusses to slide ensure the fastener is placed in the middle of the slot and it is not over tightened.

For shear transfer, refer to https://enduroframe.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/EH/pages/35586638/Section+3.3+-+ENDUROWALL+Common+Elements+-+Non-cyclonic#ADDENDUM-1---Non-Load-Bearing-Wall--Transfer-of-Racking-Forces

Step 4: Install internal wall brackets at a maximum of 1200mm centers. Fix two #10-16x16mm hex head self-drilling screw down through the top of the bracket and into the top of the ceiling batten to stop the bracket sliding. Refer to Figure 7.101

Step 5: Bend the bracket down to the top plate of the internal wall and fix two #10-16x16mm hex head self drilling screws through the foot of the bracket into the top plate.

Step 6: Install hitch brackets to the bottom chord of trusses at a maximum of 1200mm centers. Fix two #10-16x16mm hex head self drilling screws into the side of the flat face of the bottom chord.

Step 7: Now fix two #10-16x16mm hex head self drilling screws through the foot of the bracket into the top plate. Refer to Figure 7.100

7.11.3 Roof battens and spacings

Roof battens are installed to support the roof material and prevent truss top chords from buckling. Before installing roof battens you must consult the ENDUROCADD® output documentation and the technical literature supplied by your chosen roof batten manufacturer to select appropriately-sized roof battens for the span, spacing and loads present in your job, and ensure that the specified roof batten spacings and fixings provide the restraint assumed in the truss design.

To install roof battens

Step 5: Repeat Steps 3 through 4 for the remaining roof battens.

Installing roof battens is complete.

Figure 7.102: Hip rafter and batten arrangement

Figure 7.103: Veed hip rafter batten arrangement

Figure 7.104: Valley gutter arrangement

7.12 Fasteners

7.13 Components

8.0 Definitions of terms

9.0 References

AS4055: 2011 Wind Loads for Housing
AS4440: 2004 Installation of nail plated timber roof trusses
AS3566.1: 2002 Self-drilling screws for the building and construction industries
NASH Handbook Low Steel Framing, National Association of Steel Framed Housing 2011
NASH Standard - Residential and Low Rise Steel Framing: Part 1, Design Criteria, National Association of Steel Framed Housing 2005
AS1397:2011 Steel sheet and strip - Hot-dipped zinc-coated or aluminium/zinc-coated - Continuous hot-dip metallic coated steel sheet and strip - Coatings of aluminium, zinc and magnesium

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